शारदा नदी बेसिन में सिंचाई की पद्धतियों पर एक अनुभव

Transboundary Rivers of South Asia (TROSA)
by शैलजाकांत मिश्रा
03 Sep, 2020

पुराने समय से लेकर आधुनिक समय तक समय के साथ-साथ फसलों की सिंचाई के तरीके में काफी बदलाव हुए हैं। पुराने समय में जहां संसाधनों की गैर मौजूदगी के चलते किसानों के लिए फसलों की सिंचाई करना काफी मुश्किल भरा काम हुआ करता था और बेड़ी, रहट और ढेकुली से सिंचाई हुआ करती थी। तो वही आज के समय में सिंचाई व्यवस्था काफी आसान हो गई है और किसान सोलर पम्प ट्यूबवेल आदि से सिंचाई कर रहें हैं। इसके बावजूद तमाम क्षेत्रों में आज भी सिंचाई की उपयुक्त व्यवस्था नहीं होने के कारण किसानों की फसलें बारिश के पानी पर निर्भर हैं। भारत का कुल क्षेत्रफल 32.8 करोड़ हेक्टेयर है, जिसमें वर्तमान में 16.2 करोड़ हेक्टेयर (51 प्रतिशत) जमीन पर खेती की जाती है, जबकि लगभग 4 प्रतिशत जमीन पर चारागाह, 21 प्रतिशत भूमि पर वन तथा 24 प्रतिशत भूमि बिना किसी उपयोग (बंजर) की है। 24 प्रतिशत बंजर भूमि में 5 प्रतिशत परती भूमि भी शामिल है,जिसमें प्रतिवर्ष फसलें न बोकर तीसरे या पांचवें वर्ष बोई जाती हैं, जिससे भविष्य में जमीन उपजाऊ हो सके।

बेड़ी से सिंचाई - पुराने समय में जहां पर तालाबों या झीलों के पानी से सिंचाई होती थी वहां पर बेड़ी की आवश्यकता होती थी, इसमें दो व्यक्ति एक बांस या दूसरी लकड़ी से बना एक बड़े बर्तन को रस्सी से बांधकर पानी को तालाब से खींचकर नाली में डालते हैं जो खेतों को जाती है।

ढेकुली से सिंचाई - ढेकुली सिंचाई की एक परम्परागत सिंचाई व्यवस्था होती थी। कुँओं से पानी निकालने का सबसे सुलभ साधन ढेकुल का होता था, जो लीवर के सिद्धांत पर कार्य करने वाली एक संरचना है। इसमें वाई के आकार के पतले वृक्ष के तने को सीधा जमीन में कुएं के पास गाड़ कर छाप दिया जाता है और दूसरे सिरे पर रस्सी से बांधकर एक कुंड़ (कुएं से पानी निकालने का बर्तन) को लटका कर कुएं के अन्दर ले जाते है और पानी को ऊपर खींच लेते हैं।

रहट से सिंचाई - जिन क्षेत्रों में फसलों की सिंचाई करने के लिए कोई दूसरे संसाधन नहीं होते थे वहां के किसान अपने खेतों के पास एक कुआं खोदकर उसमें लोहे की बनी रहट नामक मशीन लगा देते थे और अपनी फसल की सिंचाई कर लेते थे परन्तु धीरे-धीरे कुँओं की संख्या में भी कमी आती गयी। सिंचाई का एक साधन रहट किसानों से दूर होता गया। कहीं-कहीं यह मशीन आज भी देखने को मिलती है।

तालाब से सिंचाई - देश में प्राकृतिक तथा कृत्रिम दोनों प्रकार के तालाबों का उपयोग सिंचाई के लिए किया जाता है। इनके द्वारा सर्वाधिक सिंचाई भारत के तमिलनाडु, कर्नाटक तथा आन्ध्र प्रदेश राज्यों में की जाती है। इसके बाद दक्षिणी बिहार, दक्षिणी मध्य प्रदेश तथा दक्षिणी पूर्वी राजस्थान का स्थान आता है, जहां प्राकृतिक एवं कृत्रिम दोनों प्रकार के तालाब मिलते हैं। देश के कुल सिंचित क्षेत्र के 9 प्रतिशत भाग की सिंचाई तालाबों द्वारा होती है। उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य में शारदा नदी बेसिन के क्षेत्र सीतापुर, पलिया के कुछ स्थानों पर तालाब से सिंचाई की जाती है।

कुआँ - कुओं का निर्माण सर्वाधिक उन्हीं क्षेत्रों में हुआ है, जहां चिकनी बलुई मिट्टी मिलती है क्योंकि इससे पानी रिसकर धरातल के अन्दर चला जाता है तथा भूमिगत जल के रूप में भण्डारित हो जाता है। देश में तीन प्रकार के कुएं सिंचाई एवं पेय जल के लिए प्रयोग में लाये जाते हैं।

कच्चे कुएं, पक्के कुएं, नल कूप - देश की कुल सिंचित भूमि का कुँओं द्वारा सींचे जाने वाला अधिकांश भाग गुजरात ,महाराष्ट्र, पंजाब, राजस्थान तथा उत्तर प्रदेश राज्यों में है। यहां लगभग 50 प्रतिशत भूमि की सिंचाई कुँओं तथा नल कूपों द्वारा ही की जाती है। इन राज्यों के अतिरिक्त हरियाणा, बिहार, तमिल नाडु, आन्ध्र प्रदेश तथा कर्नाटक राज्यों में भी कुँओं तथा नल कूपों द्वारा सिंचाई की जाती है। प्रथम योजना काल में देश में नल कूपों की संख्या मात्र 3,000 थी, जो वर्तमान में लगभग 57 लाख हो गयी है। देश में सर्वाधिक नल कूप पम्प सेट तमिल नाडु में पाये जाते हैं, जबकि महाराष्ट्र का दूसरा स्थान है। नल कूपों की सबसे अधिक संख्या उत्तर प्रदेश में है। लेकिन शारदा नदी बेसिन क्षेत्रों में अब इसका उपयोग नहीं किया जाता है।

नहर से सिंचाई - नहरें देश में सिंचाई की सबसे प्रमुख साधन हैं और इनमें 40 प्रतिशत से अधिक कृषि भूमि की सिंचाई की जाती है। हमारे देश में सर्वाधिक विकास उत्तर के विशाल मैदानी भागों तथा तटवर्ती डेल्टा के क्षेत्रों में किया गया है क्योंकि इनका निर्माण समतल भूमि एवं जल की निरन्तर आपूर्ति पर निर्भर करता है। शारदा नदी बेसिन में जिला पीलीभीत के माधवटांडा व पूरनपुर तथा लखीमपुर खीरी में भीरा, बिजुआ, मैलानी इत्यादि क्षेत्रों में बहुतायत मात्रा में नहरों से सिंचाई की जाती है।

सतही सिंचाई प्रणाली - भारत में अधिकतर कृषि योग्य क्षेत्रों में सतही सिंचाई होती है। इसमें प्रमुख है, नहरों से नालियों द्वारा खेत में पानी का वितरण किया जाना तथा एक किनारे से खेत में पानी फैलाया जाना। इस प्रणाली में खेत के उपयुक्त रूप से तैयार न होने पर पानी का बहुत नुकसान होता है। यदि खेत को समतल कर दिया जाये तो इस प्रणाली में भी पानी की बचत की जाती है। आजकल लेजर तकनीक से किसान अपना खेत समतल कर सकते है। इससे जलोपयोग दक्षता में वृद्धि होती है। फलस्वरूप फसलों की पैदावार बढ़ जाती है।

फव्वारा सिंचाई - फव्वारा द्वारा सिंचाई एक ऐसी पद्धति है जिसके द्वारा पानी का हवा में छिड़काव किया जाता है और यह पानी भूमि की सतह पर कृत्रिम वर्षा के रूप में गिरता है। पानी का छिड़काव दबाव द्वारा छोटी नोजल या ओरिफिस में प्राप्त किया जाता है। कृत्रिम वर्षा चूंकि धीमे धीमे की जाती है, इसलिए न तो कहीं पर पानी का जमाव होता है और न ही मिट्टी दबती है। इससे जमीन और हवा का सबसे सही अनुपात बना रहता है और बीजों में अंकुर भी जल्दी फूटते हैं। लेकिन शारदा नदी बेसिन के क्षेत्रों में इस पद्धति को प्रयोग न की मात्रा में होता है।

सोलर पम्प से सिंचाई – सोलर पम्प से सिंचाई एक नई विधि है, जिससे न तो बिजली की जरूरत होती हैं और न ही किसी ईंधन की जरूरत होती है। इसमें एक मोटर होता है, जो जमीन से पानी खींचता है और उसको चलाने के लिए सोलर पैनल लगे होते हैं जो सूरज की किरणों से ऊर्जा उत्पन्न करते हैं और उससे मशीन चलती है।

सिंचाई में भूजल का उपयोग - उपरोक्त सभी संसाधनों का उपयोग सिंचाई के लिए किया जाता है। यदि बात की जाये उत्तर प्रदेश के शारदा नदी बेसिन क्षेत्रों की, तो इसमें पाया गया की जिला लखीमपुर खीरी के पलिया से लेकर धौरहरा तक सबसे ज्यादा सिंचाई में भूजल का प्रयोग किया जाता है। इन क्षेत्रों जमीन के अन्दर से भूजल को ट्यूबवेल व मोटर ट्यूबवेल के माध्यम से निकाला जाता है। जबकि शारदा नदी इन से गुजरती है। शारदा नदी बेसिन के समुदायों में किसानों से बात की गई तो पता चला कि इन क्षेत्रों नहरों का विकास सम्भव नहीं है। जिसके कारण नदी के पानी का उपयोग सिंचाई हेतु नहीं किया जा सकता है।

Shailjakant Mishra works with Grameen Development Services in Lakhimpur Kheri

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Transboundary Rivers of South Asia (TROSA)

A programme to understand and address challenges related to transboundary rivers and communities in these river basins.

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Sep 27, 2019 | admin

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Oxfam India helping mothers deliver healthy babies

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Oxfam Stands with Kerala

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Oxfam India engages with youth on ‘Inequality in Education’

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Four reasons why the Forest Rights Act fails to empower forest-dwelling communities

Oct 7, 2019 | ursila

Stories from the ground: Oxfam India’s response to floods 2018

Oct 24, 2019 | Anisha

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Stories of Change: Scripting Her Own Fate

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Can we afford to overlook Assam Floods?

Oct 7, 2019 | ursila

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Oct 24, 2019 | ursila

Oxfam India responds to North East floods 2018

Oct 30, 2019 |

Stories of Change: Strike back the silence

Oct 7, 2019 | ursila

Oxfam’s campaign on Access to Affordable Essential Medicines

Oct 7, 2019 | Anisha

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Chiligi’s fight for education

Oct 1, 2019 | Anisha

Where there is a Will, there is a Way

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Stories of Change: Fighting against all odds

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Stories of Change: Breaking Boundaries at Home

Oct 24, 2019 | ursila

Stories of Change: Rise. Resist. Rebel

Oct 1, 2019 | ursila

Stories of Change: Celebrating our feminist heroes

Nov 14, 2019 | ursila

3 Innovations in Disaster Risk Reduction in India you should know about

Oct 24, 2019 | ursila

Oxfam India Disaster Risk Reduction Program Continues

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Oxfam India Builds Water Solution in Disaster Prone Areas

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A Second Chance at Life

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5 books that will change the way you see the world around you

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Meet these 3 Warriors who are Fighting Inequality through Education

Apr 5, 2019 | ursila

Meet these 3 Warriors who are Fighting Inequality through Education

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Oxfam India’s innovation building resilient communities.

Sep 9, 2019 | Anisha

Is ineffective healthcare system affecting lives?

Sep 10, 2019 | Anisha

Breaking the shackles of domestic violence

Nov 21, 2019 | Anisha

Listening To The Unheard Voices Of India

Oct 7, 2019 | Anisha

Empower Women, Empower Nation- Oxfam India on International Women’s day

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Yet another International Women’s Day, Yet another Struggle

Sep 27, 2019 | ursila

15 shocking facts about inequality in India

Oct 24, 2019 | ursila

NGOs Strengthening the Education System in India

Oct 1, 2019 | Anisha

Oxfam India’s Humanitarian Champions

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Changing Social Norms Through Education

Oct 7, 2019 | Anisha

The Power of Courage

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Healthcare Awareness Saves Lives

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A World Free From Violence Against Women

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BRIDGING THE GAP

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Children are paying the price of Tax Robbery. Help Stop This. Give A Missed Call on 70977 70977

Oct 1, 2019 | ursila

India’s children are paying the price of Tax Robbery

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Reel & Real: Blurred Lines between Cinema and Reality- Notes from Women In Films brunch at Jio MAMI Film Festival

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Oxfam Gave Relief to Over 82,000 Lives

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Assam Drowns Again

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Will Fear of ‘Failing’ Make India Literate?

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WATER IS LIFE

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Is Section 498A anti women?

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The Irresistible & Oppressive Gaze: A Survey Report by Oxfam India

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North East Floods: How you can help those affected?

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Lipstick Under My Burkha Official Trailer - Winner of Oxfam's Best Film on Gender Equality Award

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Farewell Dirty Water

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Lessons from the Grassroots

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Oxfam India Held Youth Festivals In Lucknow And Raipur

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Oxfam at the North-East Disaster Risk Reduction Conclave 2017

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Silence Has No Honour

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Solidarity Is Our Weapon- The International Women’s Strike

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4 reasons why Oxfam supports the International Women’s Strike on the 8th March

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Union Budget 2017-18: Neglected Social Sector

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Putting Data at the Heart of Business Responsibility

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Mainstreaming DRR in Local Development Plans to Reduce Aid Dependency

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Union Budget 2017-18: A Look at the Health Sector

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खेल - जेण्डर आधारित असमानताओं को उजागर करने को एक सषक्त माध्यम

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May 27, 2020 | oxfamadmin

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A Lesson on Education from Uttar Pradesh

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Fair Sharing of Mining Revenue for the Tribals

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An Open Letter to Chhotu, Munna and Bachcha

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Educating the Educators

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10 Years of Domestic Violence Act: The Way Ahead

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Oxfam Best Film on Gender Equality Award Gets Grand Reception

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The Toilet Conundrum

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Her Series - Tale of Buguru Chitamma: How a cooperative transformed fisher women into leaders

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Oxfam International signs historic deal to move to Nairobi, Kenya

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Rahul Bose: Films should be gender sensitive

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Tikamgarh revisited, what’s happened to the amazing fishing communities I visited in 2006?

Jan 9, 2020 | oxfamadmin

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Yes, Prime Minister

Oct 30, 2019 | oxfamadmin

India’s National Budget 2016-17: Missed Opportunity to Address Inequality?

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Free The Night

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Woman, Open Your Eyes…

Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin

From Darbhanga to Davos: Access to Affordable Medicine Still Remains a Key Question

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Activating Youth in Lucknow to Promote Girls’ Education

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Change is Coming: Rani Bitti’s Story

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Rachna’s Fight for Justice

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3 Key Observations from #WEF2016 that Indian Businesses Must Take Note Of

Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Here’s Why States Need to Provide Free Basic Medicines

Nov 18, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Update: Oxfam to Provide Shelter to 300 Households Hit by The Manipur Earthquake

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Bihar designs a 15-year roadmap to reduce risk of disaster

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Violence as an Effective Mode of “Indian” Communication

Apr 5, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Because it’s 2015!

Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Let’s welcome a new dawn, minus domestic violence

Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Data and Discrimination: Women’s Ownership of Assets in India

Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin

“No Woman, No Cry!”

Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Pushing, pulling and the power of people: new horizons for corporate responsibility?

Jan 9, 2020 | oxfamadmin

Yes bank - say to inclusive and social banking and inclusive business model

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6 important things companies need to do to be inclusive

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Jaipur rugs – weaving the lives of the poor into the global markets. an inclusive business model.

Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin

The next 15 years: highlighting the role of the private sector in development

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Emphasizing a human rights-based approach to inclusiveness in business

Oct 30, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Privatising Forests: A Bad Idea

Oct 30, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Adoption of Agenda 2030: 17 SDGs for 15 years

Nov 15, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Five questions about the #GlobalGoals you were too embarrassed to ask

Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Last mile smile

Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Social responsibility of companies should not stop at 2%

Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin

In ‘campaign mode’, states flout FRA rules

Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin

“I will not leave my forest. I will keep my jungle”

Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Healthcare for all in India: When, How, and Why RSBY?

Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Where is the nutrition? Ask pregnant women in a village of Bihar

Jan 9, 2020 | oxfamadmin

Learning to read at schools, but where are the textbooks?

Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Progressive tax norms must underlie financing of the Sustainable Development Goals

Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Teachers needed! Government schools are falling behind due to lack of funds

Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Protect and expand India’s public healthcare system: The inequality imperative

Dec 16, 2019 | oxfamadmin

“On My Second Day At School, A Kid Asked Me What Caste I Was”

Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin

India’s missing girls: A tale of healthcare neglect faced by girls

Sep 9, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Should we only give attention to women’s health on International day of action?

Nov 18, 2019 | oxfamadmin

No respite for 72-year-old Sitaram, a month after #NepalEarthquake

Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin

One month on, education of children still jolted by Nepal earthquake

Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin

New worry for Nepal; landslides, floods may block relief work

Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Monsoon preview in Kathmandu blows away shelters in relief camp

Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Last mile distribution of relief supplies is biggest challenge in Nepal: Indian ambassador

Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin

When Delhi’s Streets Buzzed with ‘Haq Banta Hai’

Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Lack of water, toilets making things worse for women in Nepal

Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Oxfam India gets government approval to respond to #NepalEarthquake in 28 hours

Apr 5, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Desperation creeping in, people in Nepal wait for aid

Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin

#OxfaminNepal: “More than 60,000 litres of water has been provided till now”

Oct 7, 2019 | Avantika

Political (and some other) priorities in Nepal as of 28 April 2015

Oct 30, 2019 | oxfamadmin

#Nepal Earthquake: “The death toll has crossed 2000 and this is just the beginning”

Jan 9, 2020 | oxfamadmin

#NepalEarthquake: It is going to be a long road to recovery

Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Money Matters!

Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin

All for Education, Education for All

Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin

When schools continue to exclude, can education reduce caste discrimination in India?

Feb 20, 2020 | oxfamadmin

Ensuring the right to education, forming bonds for life

Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin

How can India send a spaceship to Mars but not educate its children?

Sep 30, 2019 | oxfamadmin

India wins in cricket, but losing out on education

Sep 30, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Oxfam's 'Even it up' report a must read lesson on Inequality

Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin

It’s time to understand ‘womanhood is beyond maternity’

Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin

The True Measure of Land's Value

Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin

The “Ten-thousand Committee”: Reviving VHSNCs in Jharkhand

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Singing their way out of child marriage

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Land Acquisition bill tests government’s pro-poor stance

Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Breaking the silence, standing tall

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Making a Song and Dance about Child Marriage

Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Let’s Talk About Sex

Sep 10, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Mobile technology solutions could be a game changer for maternal health: Scribes

Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Missing Girls: The Puzzling Domestic Violence Agenda

Oct 3, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Her Ghar: A right to residence for every woman

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Considering Gender: A Mediaperson’s Guide to Covering Disasters

Dec 16, 2019 | oxfamadmin

True Grit

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Violence against women and star power: Does their magic wand work?

Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Having Those Difficult Conversations

Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Day of the Man: guarding the china shop

Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Gender parity needs to begin at home with mother’s guardianship rights!

Sep 9, 2019 | oxfamadmin

It’s a Girl!

Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Let’s Help End Domestic Violence!

Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin

A Few Good Men

Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Promises to keep—Implementation of PWDV Act in Odisha

Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Make 16 Days of Activism an Everyday Practice

Oct 30, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Witch-Hunting: A less talked about form of Violence Against Women

Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Markets Also Discriminate

Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Let’s Talk About Domestic Violence!

Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Getting Serious about Ending Violence against Women and Girls

Oct 3, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Right to a Violence Free Life

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It’s all about the money

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‘It’s No Longer Funny': The Funding Wars That’ll Dictate Our Future

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Girl, Interrupted

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16 Pictures From Imagining Inequality That WiIl Tell You The Truth #evenitup

Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin

These 8 Goals Were Set To Develop The World, But 14 Years Since, This Is Where We Stand

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A Look At The Year 2029: What Kind Of Legacy Will We Leave Behind For Our Future Generations?

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These 8 Goals Were Set To Develop The World, But 14 Years Since, This Is Where We Stand

Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin

BRICS bank a necessary step, but needs more transparency

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Short term memory and Long term needs!

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A people’s budget has to go beyond...

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National Shame, National Failure

Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Oxfam India pledges its support to #BringBackOurGirls

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Closing the Gap on Gender: Is India up for the challenge?

Nov 15, 2019 | oxfamadmin

She tills, she sows, but she does not own

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Take a pause: what do the Uttrakhand floods tell us about India’s development model?

Sep 10, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Saving lives on sharp turning roads

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They do mind the gap

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Right to Education, still a long way to go.

Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Can We Close the Gap on Women's Inequality in India?

Oct 30, 2019 | oxfamadmin

Breaking Old Barriers and Building New Alliances for Food Justice in India and Globally

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