Addressing Violence Against Women and Girls the SAARC Way: Combat Human Trafficking
- Gender Justice
- by Rajini R. Menon
- 07 Dec, 2016
South Asia is ranked as the fastest growing regions of the world. According to a World Bank report, the economic growth is forecast to gradually accelerate from 7.1 per cent in 2016 to 7.3 per cent in 2017i. In the backdrop of the regional economic prospect, it is pertinent to unveil the fact that this part of the world beholds wide socio-economic inequalities.
For instance, the South Asia region stands second last in the 2016 Global Gender Gap Index , just ahead of the Middle East and North Africa and behind the Sub-Saharan Africa region. Most of the countries in South Asia rank very low in the Global Gender Gap Indexii. While, Bangladesh and India, the top-ranked countries in the region have closed just under 70 and 68 per cent of their overall gender gap respectively, Bhutan and Pakistan, the lowest ranked countries in the region, have managed only 64 and 56 percent respectively.
This shows that the economic growth is clearly not inclusive enough to address the development challenges of the region. The patriarchal social institutions, formal mechanisms and the negative social norms that reinstates various culture, practices and beliefs is posing blockades to building gender equal societies in the region.
The countries from the SAARC nations i.e. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. The SAARC countries — Bangladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Sri Lanka and Maldives — meet once every year and as agreed upon by the SAARC Charter, discuss issues related to economic growth, social progress and cultural development. While the SAARC Charter demands that individuals have the opportunity to live in dignity and realize their full potentialiii , the Global Gender Gap Index and many more data shows otherwise.
Sample this- one in every two women in South Asia face violence in her daily life. South Asia also has the highest rates of child marriages in the world with almost half (45 percent) of all women aged 20-24 reported being married before the age of 18; almost one in five girls (17 per cent) are married before the age of 15.
In India and Pakistan irrespective of the perpetrator, around 40 per cent viever-married women (15-49 years) experience physical violence at least once in their life time. The VAWG (Violence Against Women and Girls) Survey (2011) by Bangladesh’s Ministry of Planning shows that 72 per cent of ever-married women experience psychological violence and 33 per cent of ever-married women experience physical violence from current husbandvii . According to the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), 1096 women (of whom 170 were minors, under the age of 18) were killed for ‘honour’ in 2015viii .
Though five countriesix(Sri Lanka, Bhutan, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) have legislation against sexual harassment and four countries (Sri Lanka, India, Nepal and Bangladesh) have laws to prohibit Domestic Violence, the region still witnesses alarming rates of violence against women and girls. These manifests in the form of domestic violence and intimate partner violence, rapes, acid attacks, harassments in workplace and other public spaces, cybercrimes and stalking, witch hunting, honour killing, child marriages, sex-selective abortions etc.
Crimes against women and girls have increased significantly over the decades, sadly with very low conviction rates. Women are victimized, exploited and excluded from accessing the legal rights. Only a fraction of the cases gets registered due to the barriers posed by insensitive formal institutions, social stigma and denial of speedy justice and ongoing conflicts in the countries contributing to a non-conducive external environment.
The question that arises then is what is the commitment of SAARC countries in addressing violence against women and girls?
The issue of violence against women and girls was not mentioned in any of the SAARC Declarations till 1997x . In the 10th SAARC declaration in Colombo (1998) the situation of women and children was discussed and condemned by the member states. In the summit, the SAARC Member States endorsed the need for a gender-disaggregated database to catalyze the formulation of national and regional policies and programs with regards to women and the girl childxi . The data was to be provided by the member states.
During the 11th SAARC Summit in Kathmandu (January 2002), the seven member States signed the Regional Convention on Preventing and Combating the Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution. South Asiav is the second largest region with trafficking in the world.
For instance, Afghanistan is a destination for women and girls from China, Iran, and Tajikistan trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation. Tajik women and children are also believed to be trafficked through Afghanistan to Pakistan and Iran for commercial sexual exploitation. Mainly young girls and women are trafficked for sexual exploitation in places such as cabin/dance restaurants, massage parlours, and other places within the tourism sector. India is also a transit country for women and girls from Nepal and Bangladesh trafficked to Pakistan, Western Asia, and the Middle East and for women trafficked from the Russian Federation to Thailand. Sri Lanka is a source and destination country for men and women trafficked for the purposes of involuntary servitude and commercial sexual exploitation.
Following the Summit, a regional task force was formed in 2002 to monitor and assess implementation of the Convention on Trafficking and countries agree on action points to report to the task force. Bangladesh passed the Prevention and Suppression of Human Trafficking Act (2012) prohibiting and punishing all forms of human trafficking. In January 2012, the Ministry of Home Affairs in Bangladesh promulgated a new National Plan of Action for Combating Human Trafficking for 2012-2014, which included plans to implement the new law. In India, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) established Anti-Human Trafficking Units (AHTUs), which were responsible for combining law enforcement and rehabilitation efforts. India has drafted the Trafficking of Persons Bill in 2016.
In 2006, the Pakistan National Assembly and Senate passed a landmark bill and amended the Hudood Ordinance, with the Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act of 2006 with provisions on trafficking. Sri Lanka prohibited all forms of trafficking through an April 2006 amendment to its penal code, which prescribed up to 20 years’ imprisonment. In Afghanistan, the Ministry of Interior (MOI) formed an anti-trafficking in person’s unit with approximately 20 officers in 2011. In Nepal, an Office of the National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Women and Children (ONRT) was established in 2002 under the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), whose responsibility is to monitor anti-trafficking initiatives. Unlike other South Asian countries, Maldives and Bhutan have no laws on trafficking and the government is completely unaware on the issue of human trafficking.
In 2012, member states took stock of the status of implementation of their anti-trafficking rules. At a workshopxii for SAARC member state representatives, held in India, the country delegates shared that in spite of the legal instruments, trafficking of women and girls continued to be a burning issue in their countries and that there were enforcement challenges of the anti-trafficking legislations. In Afghanistan, the anti-trafficking in person’s unit did not have dedicated full-time officers. The lack of immigration control for Nepalese migrating to India or Indians coming in Nepal (under the 1950 Peace and Friendship Treaty between India and Nepal) is a challenge in enforcing legislation.
The dearth of quantitative data on trafficking, inadequate coordination between actors within the country, open-borders especially between Nepal and India, lack of enforcement of laws due to increasing communal violence, political instability in countries, corruption, and low priority of anti-trafficking activities at country level are the main implementation challenges in the region.
Thus, an analysis of the SAARC Declarations reveals that Colombo Declaration marks a milestone in combating trafficking of women and girls in the region. However, except for trafficking, there is no specific regional commitment in addressing violence against women and girls in public and private spaces. Explorations on anti-trafficking efforts in the region inform us that sub-regional groups, taskforces and action plans are not part of the formal processes to ensure that the national mechanisms formulate gender sensitive policies, effectively implement and report to SAARC for ensuring the creation of gender equal and violence free societies in the region. This demands the need for more regional advocacy for an upfront agenda in ending violence against women and girls in the future SAARC declarations.
Written by: Rajini R. Menon Regional Gender Coordinator, Oxfam India
_______________________________________________________________
ihttp://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2016/04/09/south-asia-fastest-growing-region-world-vigilant-fading-tailwinds
iihttp://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2016/south-asia/
iiihttp://www.saarc-sec.org/SAARC-Charter/5/
ivhttps://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/violence.pdf
vhttp://www.unicefrosa-progressreport.org/childmarriage.html
vihttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf
viihttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/Mexico_Nov2014/Session%203%20Bangladesh%20ppt.pdf
viiihttp://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/news-and-events/stories/2016/06/the-united-nations-in-pakistan-urges-government-action-to-end-honour-killings#sthash.piZSvpgi.dpuf
ixhttp://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/countries/india/data-on-women#sthash.xssOm2qL.dpuf
xhttp://www.saarc-sec.org/SAARC-Summit/7/
xihttp://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/countries/pakistan/evaw-pakistan/data-on-vaw#sthash.h9P5ANgf.dpuf
xiihttp://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/SAARCReport-230813.pdf
Gender Justice
We campaign to change patriarchal mindsets that influence violence against women
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Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Meet the Bravehearts Standing Up Against Domestic Violence
May 27, 2020 | oxfamadmin
Oxfam India’s journey from programme to campaign
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
सामाजिक मान्यताओं को चुनौती देता संगठन
Dec 5, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Changing The World – One Couple At A Time
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
A Lesson on Education from Uttar Pradesh
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Fair Sharing of Mining Revenue for the Tribals
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
An Open Letter to Chhotu, Munna and Bachcha
Jun 12, 2020 | oxfamadmin
Educating the Educators
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
10 Years of Domestic Violence Act: The Way Ahead
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Oxfam Best Film on Gender Equality Award Gets Grand Reception
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Wrestling Social Norms Out
Oct 3, 2019 | oxfamadmin
The Toilet Conundrum
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Inequality in India: what's the real story?
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Making surface water safe for drinking
Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Quality Education- The unfinished agenda of RTE Act
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Tale of Two Women
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Prioritising the Health of our Children
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Violence in women’s own backyard
Sep 9, 2019 | oxfamadmin
We failed yet again
Sep 10, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Providing access to iron-free drinking water
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Her Series - Tale of Buguru Chitamma: How a cooperative transformed fisher women into leaders
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Why the CAF bill conflicts with the Forest Rights Act?
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Renew to Live Anew
Sep 9, 2019 | oxfamadmin
What do we want: Health as a ‘Right’ or just an ‘Assurance’
Nov 18, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Oxfam International signs historic deal to move to Nairobi, Kenya
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Why is passing the Women’s Reservation Bill urgent?
Nov 18, 2019 | oxfamadmin
BREXIT & What It Means for Humanitarian Aid
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Rahul Bose: Films should be gender sensitive
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Portrait of a Teacher: Successful introduction of multi-lingual education for Odisha’s tribal communities
Nov 6, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Tax dodging is a crime against developing countries
Sep 10, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Signs of social risks impacting Indian businesses
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Tikamgarh revisited, what’s happened to the amazing fishing communities I visited in 2006?
Jan 9, 2020 | oxfamadmin
Where school means freedom
Sep 10, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Yes, Prime Minister
Oct 30, 2019 | oxfamadmin
India’s National Budget 2016-17: Missed Opportunity to Address Inequality?
Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Free The Night
Sep 9, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Woman, Open Your Eyes…
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
From Darbhanga to Davos: Access to Affordable Medicine Still Remains a Key Question
Dec 16, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Hoping for a Second Chance: Punita Devi
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Activating Youth in Lucknow to Promote Girls’ Education
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Change is Coming: Rani Bitti’s Story
Sep 10, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Rachna’s Fight for Justice
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
3 Key Observations from #WEF2016 that Indian Businesses Must Take Note Of
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Here’s Why States Need to Provide Free Basic Medicines
Nov 18, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Update: Oxfam to Provide Shelter to 300 Households Hit by The Manipur Earthquake
Apr 5, 2019 | oxfamadmin
In El Salvador, a struggle to survive El Niño
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Bihar designs a 15-year roadmap to reduce risk of disaster
Feb 20, 2020 | ursila
Violence as an Effective Mode of “Indian” Communication
Apr 5, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Because it’s 2015!
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Let’s welcome a new dawn, minus domestic violence
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Data and Discrimination: Women’s Ownership of Assets in India
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
“No Woman, No Cry!”
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Pushing, pulling and the power of people: new horizons for corporate responsibility?
Jan 9, 2020 | oxfamadmin
Yes bank - say to inclusive and social banking and inclusive business model
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Creating shared value through inclusive business
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
TATA consultancy services – empowering farmers with mobile technology
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
What the CSR numbers don’t tell
Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin
6 important things companies need to do to be inclusive
Nov 21, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Why businesses need to invest in creating a productive population for a sustainable future
Sep 10, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Jaipur rugs – weaving the lives of the poor into the global markets. an inclusive business model.
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
The next 15 years: highlighting the role of the private sector in development
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Emphasizing a human rights-based approach to inclusiveness in business
Oct 30, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Privatising Forests: A Bad Idea
Oct 30, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Adoption of Agenda 2030: 17 SDGs for 15 years
Nov 15, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Five questions about the #GlobalGoals you were too embarrassed to ask
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Last mile smile
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Social responsibility of companies should not stop at 2%
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
In ‘campaign mode’, states flout FRA rules
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
“I will not leave my forest. I will keep my jungle”
Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Healthcare for all in India: When, How, and Why RSBY?
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Where is the nutrition? Ask pregnant women in a village of Bihar
Jan 9, 2020 | oxfamadmin
Learning to read at schools, but where are the textbooks?
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Progressive tax norms must underlie financing of the Sustainable Development Goals
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Teachers needed! Government schools are falling behind due to lack of funds
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Protect and expand India’s public healthcare system: The inequality imperative
Dec 16, 2019 | oxfamadmin
“On My Second Day At School, A Kid Asked Me What Caste I Was”
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
India’s missing girls: A tale of healthcare neglect faced by girls
Sep 9, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Should we only give attention to women’s health on International day of action?
Nov 18, 2019 | oxfamadmin
No respite for 72-year-old Sitaram, a month after #NepalEarthquake
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
One month on, education of children still jolted by Nepal earthquake
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
New worry for Nepal; landslides, floods may block relief work
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Monsoon preview in Kathmandu blows away shelters in relief camp
Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Last mile distribution of relief supplies is biggest challenge in Nepal: Indian ambassador
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
When Delhi’s Streets Buzzed with ‘Haq Banta Hai’
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Lack of water, toilets making things worse for women in Nepal
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Oxfam India gets government approval to respond to #NepalEarthquake in 28 hours
Apr 5, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Desperation creeping in, people in Nepal wait for aid
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
#OxfaminNepal: “More than 60,000 litres of water has been provided till now”
Oct 7, 2019 | Avantika
Political (and some other) priorities in Nepal as of 28 April 2015
Oct 30, 2019 | oxfamadmin
#Nepal Earthquake: “The death toll has crossed 2000 and this is just the beginning”
Jan 9, 2020 | oxfamadmin
#NepalEarthquake: It is going to be a long road to recovery
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Money Matters!
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
All for Education, Education for All
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
When schools continue to exclude, can education reduce caste discrimination in India?
Feb 20, 2020 | oxfamadmin
Ensuring the right to education, forming bonds for life
Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin
How can India send a spaceship to Mars but not educate its children?
Sep 30, 2019 | oxfamadmin
India wins in cricket, but losing out on education
Sep 30, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Oxfam's 'Even it up' report a must read lesson on Inequality
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
It’s time to understand ‘womanhood is beyond maternity’
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
The True Measure of Land's Value
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
The “Ten-thousand Committee”: Reviving VHSNCs in Jharkhand
Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Singing their way out of child marriage
Sep 10, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Land Acquisition bill tests government’s pro-poor stance
Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Breaking the silence, standing tall
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Making a Song and Dance about Child Marriage
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Let’s Talk About Sex
Sep 10, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Mobile technology solutions could be a game changer for maternal health: Scribes
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Missing Girls: The Puzzling Domestic Violence Agenda
Oct 3, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Her Ghar: A right to residence for every woman
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Considering Gender: A Mediaperson’s Guide to Covering Disasters
Dec 16, 2019 | oxfamadmin
True Grit
Apr 5, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Violence against women and star power: Does their magic wand work?
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Having Those Difficult Conversations
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Day of the Man: guarding the china shop
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Gender parity needs to begin at home with mother’s guardianship rights!
Sep 9, 2019 | oxfamadmin
It’s a Girl!
Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Let’s Help End Domestic Violence!
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
A Few Good Men
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Promises to keep—Implementation of PWDV Act in Odisha
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Make 16 Days of Activism an Everyday Practice
Oct 30, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Witch-Hunting: A less talked about form of Violence Against Women
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Markets Also Discriminate
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Let’s Talk About Domestic Violence!
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Getting Serious about Ending Violence against Women and Girls
Oct 3, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Right to a Violence Free Life
Sep 10, 2019 | oxfamadmin
It’s all about the money
Sep 10, 2019 | oxfamadmin
‘It’s No Longer Funny': The Funding Wars That’ll Dictate Our Future
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Girl, Interrupted
Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin
16 Pictures From Imagining Inequality That WiIl Tell You The Truth #evenitup
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
These 8 Goals Were Set To Develop The World, But 14 Years Since, This Is Where We Stand
Dec 5, 2019 |
A Look At The Year 2029: What Kind Of Legacy Will We Leave Behind For Our Future Generations?
Nov 18, 2019 |
These 8 Goals Were Set To Develop The World, But 14 Years Since, This Is Where We Stand
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
BRICS bank a necessary step, but needs more transparency
Sep 9, 2019 |
Short term memory and Long term needs!
Oct 7, 2019 |
A people’s budget has to go beyond...
Oct 24, 2019 |
National Shame, National Failure
Sep 27, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Oxfam India pledges its support to #BringBackOurGirls
Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Closing the Gap on Gender: Is India up for the challenge?
Nov 15, 2019 | oxfamadmin
She tills, she sows, but she does not own
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Take a pause: what do the Uttrakhand floods tell us about India’s development model?
Sep 10, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Saving lives on sharp turning roads
Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin
They do mind the gap
Oct 7, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Right to Education, still a long way to go.
Oct 1, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Can We Close the Gap on Women's Inequality in India?
Oct 30, 2019 | oxfamadmin
Breaking Old Barriers and Building New Alliances for Food Justice in India and Globally
Oct 24, 2019 | oxfamadmin
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